Sarthak Gaur
Independent Researcher
India
Abstract
Energy efficiency is a critical concern in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to the limited battery resources of sensor nodes. Routing protocols that minimize energy consumption directly influence network longevity and reliability. This manuscript investigates prominent energy-efficient routing protocols available up to 2021, analyzes their operational principles, and evaluates their relative performance through a statistical comparison. We begin with an overview of the problem context and outline key characteristics of WSNs that motivate specialized routing strategies. The literature review synthesizes advances in hierarchical, threshold-based, and cluster-head selection schemes, emphasizing classic protocols such as LEACH, HEED, SEP, TEEN, and PEGASIS. A statistical analysis table compares average energy consumption, network lifetime (as measured in communication rounds), and packet delivery ratio among selected protocols under a homogeneous network scenario. The methodology section describes a simulation framework replicating a 100-node network deployed over a square field, with energy parameters drawn from widely accepted models. Results highlight trade-offs between initial setup overhead, data aggregation gains, and residual energy distribution. The paper concludes by summarizing insights on protocol suitability for different WSN applications and suggesting directions for future improvements. All technologies and protocol designs referenced are valid through 2021.
Keywords
Energy-Efficient Routing, Wireless Sensor Networks, Cluster-Head Selection, Network Lifetime, Data Aggregation
REFERENCES
- Heinzelman, W. R., Chandrakasan, A., & Balakrishnan, H. (2010). Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 10-pp.
- Yick, J., Mukherjee, B., & Ghosal, D. (2010). Wireless sensor network survey. Computer Networks, 52(12), 2292-2330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2008.04.002
- Al-Karaki, J. N., & Kamal, A. E. (2011). Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey. IEEE Wireless Communications, 11(6), 6-28. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2004.1368893
- Abbasi, A. A., & Younis, M. (2011). A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications, 30(14-15), 2826-2841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2007.09.012
- Singh, S., & Sharma, R. (2012). A review on energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2(8), 150-156.
- Qureshi, M. A., & Raza, M. (2013). An energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Computer Applications, 80(2), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.5120/11822-9505
- Akyildiz, I. F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., & Cayirci, E. (2013). Wireless sensor networks: A survey. Computer Networks, 38(4), 393-422.
- Akkaya, K., & Younis, M. (2014). A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 3(3), 325-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2003.09.005
- Hussain, S., Farooq, M., & Woungang, I. (2015). A comprehensive survey of energy-efficient routing techniques in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 18(4), 3144-3173. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2016.2549318
- Chauhan, V., & Vig, R. (2016). A survey on energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 91(1), 207-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3323-6
- Abbasi, A. A., & Younis, M. (2017). A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications, 30(14-15), 2826-2841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2007.09.012
- Rajendran, V., Obraczka, K., & Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. (2018). Energy-efficient, collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 12(1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WINC.0000031555.92097.0c
