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Esha Damle
Independent Researcher
India
Abstract
This manuscript presents the design and evaluation of secure authentication protocols tailored for client–server architectures prevalent in engineering systems up to 2014. The work surveys existing symmetric and asymmetric schemes, identifies their shortcomings in terms of computational overhead, replay resistance, and mutual authentication, and proposes two novel protocols that blend lightweight cryptographic primitives with timestamp and nonce mechanisms. Performance metrics, including authentication latency and computational cost, are derived analytically and validated through simulation. Case studies illustrate deployment in industrial control systems and remote monitoring applications. Results demonstrate that the proposed protocols achieve enhanced security—resistance to replay, man-in-the-middle, and impersonation attacks—while maintaining computational efficiency suitable for resource-constrained clients. Implementation guidelines ensure compatibility with legacy systems. This research contributes practicable solutions for engineering disciplines requiring robust, efficient authentication without reliance on post-2014 technologies.
Keywords
Secure authentication, client–server, nonce, timestamp, mutual authentication, replay attack, lightweight cryptography
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