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Dev Malhotra
Independent Researcher
India
Abstract
This manuscript presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a microcontroller-based line-following robot aimed at industrial automation applications. The robot employs infrared (IR) sensor arrays for line detection and an 8-bit AVR microcontroller for signal processing and motor control. A proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control algorithm optimizes the steering response, ensuring robust path tracking under variable lighting and surface conditions. Two case studies—warehouse aisle navigation and conveyor belt synchronization—demonstrate the system’s adaptability and reliability. Experimental results reveal an average line-tracking accuracy of 97.2 % and a mean traversal speed of 0.45 m/s, with standard deviations within acceptable industrial tolerances. The methodology encompasses sensor calibration, embedded firmware development, and performance benchmarking against industry benchmarks. Conclusions highlight the robot’s potential to reduce manual labor, improve process consistency, and integrate with higher-level supervisory control systems. Limitations and recommendations for future enhancements include advanced sensor fusion and energy-efficient power management. The work aligns with engineering practices of 2014 and incorporates only technologies and terminology available up to that year.
Keywords
Line-following robot, AVR microcontroller, IR sensors, PID control, industrial automation
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