Diya Kapoor
Independent Researcher
India
ABSTRACT
The accelerated consumption of natural resources and the environmental impacts of conventional concrete production have driven the development of sustainable alternatives. Fly ash and slag, as industrial by-products, offer substantial potential in reducing cement content and greenhouse gas emissions in concrete mixes. This manuscript reviews the use of Class F and Class C fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in green concrete formulations up to the year 2017, focusing on material properties, mix design strategies, and performance indicators. Case studies demonstrate successful applications in structural and non-structural elements, highlighting durability, compressive strength, and workability. A methodology for experimental mix design, testing procedures, and data evaluation is presented. The results indicate that replacing 30–60% of Portland cement with fly ash or slag can achieve equivalent or superior mechanical and durability performance. Challenges, such as curing regimes and early-age strength development, are discussed. Conclusions emphasize best practices for implementation and future research directions within the pre-2018 technological landscape.
KEYWORDS
Fly Ash, Slag, Green Concrete, Sustainable Mix Design, Durability, Compressive Strength
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